What fbs

The cell growth of weakened strains of pathogens requires specific growth media, some requiring animal-derived products.

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What Does Fetal Bovine Serum Do, what fbs.

Fetal bovine serum has been found to exceed cell culture testing standards and contains several growth factors for mammalian cells. Fetal bovine serum has dramatically increased the pace of biomedical science. As a supplement to growth culture media, it’s unparalleled. Additionally, strict regulations and rigorous quality controls ensure a safe and high-quality product. However, the amount of FBS available is variable, as a byproduct of the beef industry, environmental factors have an effect on the price and availability of FBS.

What does fetal bovine serum do?

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a byproduct of harvesting cattle for the meatpacking industry—it’s used extensively by both academic and industrial researchers as a supplement to basal growth medium in cell culture applications. FBS is the liquid portion that remains after blood is drawn from bovine fetus coagulates. It’s the most widely used serum supplement for in-vitro cell culture (for eukaryotic cells). 1

Additionally, it plays a vital role in the research of human and veterinary vaccines and has applications in stem cell research. It’s also, at times, used for cloning and gene targeting.

Thus, when it comes to answering what does fetal bovine serum do, the answer is multifaceted. Read on to learn more about fetal bovine serum so you can see how it affects research within stem cells and vaccines.

What is fetal bovine serum?

If you don’t know what fetal bovine serum does you are not alone.

How is fetal bovine serum made?

The manufacturing of FBS is highly regulated, ensuring strict safety guidelines and quality control testing.

The following is the general process of fetal bovine serum collection:

As a byproduct of the meatpacking industry, fetal blood is collected at the time of harvest from abattoirs where cows pass both veterinary pre- and post-mortem inspections

Fetal bovine blood is collected from deceased pregnant cows in government approved facilities

Blood is drawn via cardiac puncture from the expired fetus in a closed, aseptic system using best practices to regulate hemoglobin and endotoxin levels

The blood is refrigerated to encourage clotting

Blood is then processed into raw serum

FBS should always be stored between ≤-10°C until its intended use.

Primary use of fetal bovine serum

The primary use of FBS is a supplement for in vitro cell culture. Its unique biological makeup promotes rapid cell growth, thus making it a product that yields a high efficacy.

Brief history of cell culture media

Ringer's cell culture medium was developed by sydney ringer in 1882, and was the first instance of in vitro cultivation of animal tissue. Over the next few decades, scientific innovation led to the development of the first animal cell cultures, then synthetic media. The 1940s saw the establishment of cell lines, basal media, and research into protein-free media.

Judy pogoda-leone, a senior manager of technical affairs who has worked within the global sera program at thermo fisher scientific for over 35 years, recounts that researchers and manufacturers started by using horse serum. However, through this work, “they didn’t get the level of proliferation and growth that they really needed to see, so FBS was looked at as another protein derivative so that cells could actually grow and proliferate.” researchers and manufacturers found that FBS provided a much more extensive offering to how those cells would perform overall, and thus the use of FBS started gaining more traction.

Benefits of fetal bovine serum

Serum is added to culture medium at a concentration of 2-10% to provide attachment factors, nutrients, and hormones for mammalian cells, as well as to be a buffer against disruptions like ph changes and endotoxins. FBS has a high content of embryonic growth promoting factors like hormones, carrier proteins, and macromolecular proteins. It also has low levels of antibodies and other growth-inhibiting components.

Chris scanlon, market development manager within the FBS program, explains that the strong benefit of FBS lies in the advantages of these factors. “FBS in general is the most favorable of the serums because of the fact it’s from a fetus - it’s yet to be exposed to the environment and have any potential chemicals get into the serum and impact the culture.”

Another advantage chris cites is the universality of FBS. “horse serum might be good for certain types of applications, but FBS is that universal serum that you can use in pretty much any application.” for researchers who require serums for multiple different applications within a single project, FBS is the best choice because it functions for all purposes and thereby streamlines product usage.

FBS use in vaccines for viruses

Inoculation has been in use in china and india since at least the 11th century AD. 2 in 1796, edward jenner, an english physician, injected a young boy, james phipps, with material from a cowpox vesicle sourced from sarah nelmes, a milkmaid. Two months later, young james was inoculated with smallpox and developed no symptoms. This is the fundamental idea behind fetal bovine serum in vaccines. They contain a dead or weakened form of a disease-carrying bacteria or virus that triggers antibody production and protects against future development of the disease.

The cell growth of weakened strains of pathogens requires specific growth media, some requiring animal-derived products. Fetal bovine serum has been found to exceed cell culture testing standards and contains several growth factors for mammalian cells.

Other uses of fetal bovine serum (FBS)

Fetal bovine serum has additional applications in both research and industry:

Biotechnology research and production

Stem cell research

Cloning

Animal diagnostics

In vitro fertilization

Biopharmaceuticals

Gene therapy

Immunotherapy

Synthetic proteins

Thermo fisher scientific continuously strives to further the innovation in their product offering to help researchers across these applications. One specific tool that helps achieve this is the imatch sera lot matching tool, which helps FBS specialists find product matches based on what they’ve used previously or what their research necessitates. Chris scanlon describes, “this is something that’s unique to thermo fisher scientific - we call it the ‘imatch guarantee,’ where customers are guaranteed similar results to their previous FBS lot. We know what customers need and we can match that or better in order to help ensure consistency so customers know their cells will always perform the same.”

Quality control

Thermo fisher scientific has incorporated the highest level of quality specifications to meet our customer’s research requirements.

Effective february 12, 2014, ISIA traceability certification was awarded to gibco by thermo fisher scientific. This certification provides researchers with peace of mind and the confidence that gibco sera are manufactured under the highest traceability standards, offering quality and performance for your research.

What does traceability certification mean?

We maintain records of traceability from origin throughout the supply chain for all serum batches.

We maintain the history for both quality and quantity of material, from point of collection through final processing.

We retain the documentation supporting all stages of processing, transportation, and commercial transactions.

Every batch of FBS goes through stringent quality control before they are given a certificate of analysis and allowed for sale. 3

These are some of the testing criteria:

Endotoxin testing

Mycoplasma testing

9CFR virus testing

Biochemical and hormone profile

EMA virus testing

Moreover, different types of research require differently treated FBS. Some other forms of treatment and testing include: exosome depletion, heat inactivation, charcoal treatment, dialyzed, gamma-irradiation, low igg, stem cell culture.

Final thoughts

Fetal bovine serum has dramatically increased the pace of biomedical science. As a supplement to growth culture media, it’s unparalleled. Additionally, strict regulations and rigorous quality controls ensure a safe and high-quality product. However, the amount of FBS available is variable; as a byproduct of the beef industry, environmental factors have an effect on the price and availability of FBS.

Thus, if you’re looking for high-quality and consistent FBS, thermo fisher scientific is a leading supplier globally.

What fbs

An in-depth discussion of fetal bovine serum and its applications in eukaryotic cell culture.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the liquid fraction of clotted blood from fetal calves, depleted of cells, fibrin and clotting factors, but containing a large number of nutritional and macromolecular factors essential for cell growth. Bovine serum albumin is the major component of FBS. Growth factors in FBS are essential for the maintenance and growth of cultured cells [1, 2]. FBS also contains a variety of small molecules like amino acids, sugars, lipids, and hormones.

FBS is used in a wide range of applications. One of the primary uses of FBS is in eukaryotic cell culture, with concentractions up to 20% [3] or even higher, where it provides many essential nutrients and growth factors that facilitate cell survival and proliferation. However, it is important to note that FBS in human cell cultures may introduce research artifacts; human cells cultured with human sera behave differently from those cultured with FBS [4]. FBS is also used in the research, manufacture, and control of human and veterinary vaccines and of biotech drugs, and used to stop trypsin digestion [5] or to serve as a protectant in cryopreservation [6]. Cell culture media without any serum have been in use for many years. Fetal bovine serum might not be the best supplement for cell culture. For example, bovine serum albumin with insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite and/or epidermal growth factor in culture medium improves bovine embryo quality and trophoblast invasion as compared to fetal bovine serum [7].

Fetal serum contains more growth factors and has lower gamma globulin (i.E., antibodies) content and non-fetal serum. These are important because the growth factors facilitate cell survival and proliferation while antibodies could bind to the cells in culture. In addition, fetal serum contains lower levels of complement proteins (complements) than those from adults or newborns. These complements have the undesirable effects of lysing cells in culture and interfering with immunoassays.

Serum and plasma are both derived from whole blood by using centrifugation to remove components including red blood cells. The difference between plasma and serum is that coagulation proteins are present in plasma but have been removed from serum. Plasma is generally prepared by adding anti-coagulants to the blood before centrifugation, but the clotting proteins are not removed. Serum is prepared by allowing the blood to coagulate before centrifugation or by extensive/progressive centrifugation. Thus fibrinogen and proteins associated with clotting are not present in serum.

In humans, the following 22 proteins comprise 99% of the total protein content of serum and plasma: albumin, total igg, transferrin, fibrinogen, total iga, alpha-2-macroglobulin, total igm, alpha-1-antitrypsin, C3 complement, haptoglobulin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, apolipoprotein-B, apolipoprotein-A1, lipoprotein (a), factor H, ceruloplasmin, C4 complement, complement factor B, pre-albumin, C9 complement, c1q complement, and C8 complement [8, 9]. The remaining 1% includes hundreds of proteins. The most abundant serum protein, albumin, at 50 mg/ml, comprises about half of the total protein mass [10].

The international serum industry association (ISIA; www.Serumindustry.Org), a trade organization of serum providers, established guidelines for quality control standardization. These guidelines require the following tests be performed using specific methodologies, and the test results must be available as the certificate of analysis (table 1).

Test
bacteria and fungi - sterility testing
mycoplasma
cytopathic agents - viral testing
hemadsorbing agents - viral testing
bovine virus diarrhea - viral testing
ph measurement
osmolality
total protein, determined by the biuret method
endotoxin
hemoglobin
electrophoretic pattern
performance testing, such as stem cell culture
radial immunodiffusion
immunoglobulin
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Endotoxins, also called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS), comes from the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, and contributes to the clinical manifestations of a variety of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. In vivo, endotoxins induce fever and the inflammatory response while in cell culture they introduce variation in cellular responses.

Endotoxin levels are measured by the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. Amebocytes are analogous to white blood cells in vertebrates and LAL is prepared from the blood of limulus polyphemus (american horseshoe crab; figure 1). LAL is very sensitive to endotoxins and coagulates in the presence of even a minute amount of endotoxin. The conservation status of the american horseshoe crab has been assessed [11] and discussed in popular culture [12]. Many of the horseshoe crabs populations are at risk and thus care should be taken to protect them from loss.

We discuss some of commonly used speciality sera below. Serum preparations dedicated to specific research topics, such as lipoprotein deficient serum from kalen biomedical for cholesterol research [13], or for specialized gene expression systems, such as tetracycline-screened fetal bovine serum [14, 15], are not discussed.

Regular FBS contains a large number of extracellular vesicles, some of which are exosomes [16, 17]. When performing exosome research with cultured cells it is critical to use FBS without exosomes. However, it is important to be aware that exosome-depleted FBS may affect and support cell growth differently than regular FBS [18, 19]. Exosome-depleted FBS can be either purchased directly from several commercial suppliers, or prepared through either ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration, though the effects of the depletion processes and/or the commercial sources may not be consistent in terms of cell growth and physiology [20].

Other components of FBS can be depleted, depending on the experimental requirements. For example, galmozzi A et al depleted heme from FBS with ascorbic acid [21].

A common treatment of FBS is heat-inactivation, where FBS is heated at 56°C for 30 minutes in a water bath with occasional shaking. The purpose is to inactivate whatever components of the complement system are present in the FBS [22], and other potential unknown inhibitors of cell growth. Previously heat-inactivation was also intended to remove mycoplasma contamination, which is no longer an issue since all serum products are now filtered through pore sizes small enough to remove mycoplasma. It must be noted that heat-inactivation may have undesired effects as well, such as reducing the ability of cultured cells to attach to surfaces [23].

Several suppliers have urged users not to heat-inactivate FBS for most cell culture needs. In each case it is advisable to evaluate the need for heat inactivation in a particular application, since different cells have different responses towards heat-inactivation of FBS [24-27].

Furthermore, like all other protocols with regard to FBS, the heat inactivation process must be done with care, since a temperature too high or prolonged heating will inactivate growth factors, and generate precipitates.

HY chew et al maintained A431, HCC1569, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, SCC25, SKBR3, T47D, RENCA and CT26.WT cell lines in media with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated FBS [28]. Freeman SA et al used heat-inactivated FBS throughout in their study on macrophages [29]. Aikawa T et al cultured mouse primary glial cells on poly-D-lysine–coated flasks in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS from milliporesigma (F2442) [30]. Feldman D et al cultured HEK293FT cells in DMEM supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum from seradigm (97068-085), and A549, HCT116, HT1080, A375 cells with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum from sigma (F4135) to evaluate optical pooled screens [15]. Kulkarni S et al maintained hut-78 cells with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum from atlanta biologicals [31].

Activated carbon can bind to lipophilic molecules and thus has been used to remove hormones such as androgen, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) from FBS. These serum lipid hormones tend to interfere with immunoassay systems and insulin assay methods. L zhao et al measured tumor cell growth in culture media supplemented with 10% charcoal-stripped serum [32].

Dialysis can remove all molecules with molecular weight less than 10,000 MW from FBS. This includes both polar and non-polar molecules. Hormones, cytokines, glucose, amino acids, and many others are removed. Dialysis also removes antibiotics and other exogenous molecules in FBS.

Dialyzed FBS from thermo fisher scientific was used in the culture of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma for SILAC mass spec study [33] and other SILAC studies [34], and in the culture of hela cells with met analogue l-AHA pulse-chase for the click-chemistry detection of long-lived proteins [35].

Gamma irradiation can be part of the process to sterilize FBS. FBS is usually filtered through 0.1 um filters multiple times to eliminate microorganisms. Gamma irradiation can inactivate the viruses commonly present in bovine species. However, some viral species, such as parvovirus, are resistant to gamma-irradiation.

Though FBS has a quite low igg content, even this level may be too high for some certain applications. The igg level can be substantially reduced further by capture chromatography. FBS with low igg is used for antibody production, recombinant protein synthesis and other applications.

Stem cell culture has stringent requirements in terms of growth factors. Some of the growth factors present in FBS promote stem cell differentiation. Several companies offer embryonic stem cell qualified FBS intended to maintain undifferentiated stem cell. However, it is important to test specific lots of FBS for their applicability in maintaining the pluripotency/totipotency of different types of stem cells. Thermo fisher provides embryonic stem cell-qualified FBS, as, for example, used in e14tg2a mouse ES cell culture by yasuda S et al [36].

Major cattle countries are the main providers of FBS. The countries include the US, australia, new zealand, canada, several in south and central americas.

The production and collection of serum products are regulated by government agencies. FBS is labeled as USDA-grade or european-grade. USDA-grade FBS can be imported into any country free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth diseases, while european-grade FBS can be sold in most european and asian countries.

FBS is best stored frozen, between -5 to -20°C, and can be thawed at a temperature between 2 to 8°C. It is often useful to aliquot and freeze the serum in smaller portions, often 50 ml tubes, to avoid many freeze and thaw cycles. Occasionally, some aliquots of FBS remain in a liquid at freezing temperatures. This is due to the lack of a nucleation center (particulate matter) for the crystallization (freezing) to start. If you simply flick the tubes with your finger, they usually solidify almost instantly.

It is common to have some precipitate after thawing. The precipitates, likely due to denaturation of some of the serum proteins, can be cleared by brief centrifugation, and this generally does not affect the quality of the serum.

Many suppliers provide FBS with different grades, country of origin, and treatment. FBS, itself, is a complex mixture, and variability between different grades, suppliers, and lots is to be expected. Thus, it is essential to establish a process for selecting and evaluating FBS. It is a good idea to examine the literature to determine how a particular selection of FBS was previously used in similar research, or for the same cell culture and to pay close attention for potential lot-to-lot variation in the FBS. To assist with this, labome has conducted a survey of FBS usage from scientific publications, discussed below, to help our visitors select the most suitable FBS.

Labome surveys literature for the materials used. Here the publications which cited fetal bovine serum are summarized. The publications are a random subset of over 10,000 publications.

The major suppliers of FBS are life technologies (now part of thermo fisher scientific), thermo fisher scientific hyclone (now part of GE lifescience), and milliporesigma (table 2).

Supplier	brand	num	reference
thermo fisher	gibco	97	10500-064 [37] ; 10082-147 [35] ; 16000-044 [38] ; 10270-106 [39], [40]
GE lifescience (was thermo fisher)	hyclone	47	[15, 41], SH30071 [5, 42]
milliporesigma	33	F7524 [43, 44], F4135 [15]
gemini bio-products	11	100-106 [29]
atlanta biologicals	9	S12150 [45], S11550 [46]
PAA laboratories	7	[47]
omega scientific	4	[48, 49]
seradigm	3	97068-085 [15], 1500-500 [50, 51]
biochrom	2	[52, 53]
pan-biotech	2	P30-3602 [54, 55]
takara bio	1	631106 [14]
WELGENE	1	[56]
bovogen	1	[43]
biowest	1	[36]
accurate chemical & scientific	1	AIAM6840 [29]
wisent	1	081150 [42]
corning	1	35-010-CV [57]
VWR	1	89510-186 [58]

Life technologies is a global biotechnology company headquartered in carlsbad, california. It’s formed in 2008 with the merger of invitrogen corporation and applied biosystems inc. Many of their products are under the brand name gibco. They provide cell culture products, such as cell culture medium, FBS, and other relevant reagents. The company merged with thermo fisher scientific in 2014.

FBS from life technologies has been used to study nucleolus as a phase-separated protein quality control entity in HEK293T and hela cells [40]. Pandolfini L et al cultured HEK293T and A549 cells in DMEM supplemented with 10% gibco FBS (10270-106) and caco-2 cells in eagle’s minimum essential medium supplemented with 20% gibco FBS (10270-106) [39]. HEK293T cells are quite often maintained with 10% fetal bovine serum from thermo fisher [38].

GE healthcare hyclone FBS is widely used. De cecco M et al used it at 15% to maintain the senescent fibroblasts LF1, IMR-90 and WI-38 in ham's F-10 media [41]. Nicetto D et al used hyclone FBS (SH30071) to terminate trypsin digestion and maintain embryonic cells [5]. Laflamme C et al maintained HEK-293 cells in DMEM high-glucose from GE healthcare (SH30081.01) containing 10% bovine calf serum from GE healthcare (SH30072.03) [42].

Milliporesigma FBS products have been used to culture HAP1 wild-type and knockout cells [43], terminal schwann cells [59], HEK293T cells (ATCC CRL-3216) and COS-7 cells (87021302) [60].

Frohner IE et al maintained neuro-2a (n2a) and cos-7 cells from american type culture collection in DMEM containing 10% FBS from bovogen, france [43]. Laflamme C et al cultured U2OS cells in DMEM high-glucose containing 10% tetracyclin-free fetal bovine serum from wisent (081150) [42]. Dong JX et al maintained primary hippocampal cultures on matrigel from corning with 5% fetal bovine serum from atlanta biologicals (S11550) [46]. Lee A et al cultured murine C2C12 myoblasts with DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum from VWR (89510-186) [58]. Zhao N et al cultured U2OS cells from ATCC (HTB-96) in DMEM medium with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum from altas biologicals [61]. Liu X et al cultivated murine 4T1 cells in dmemsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum from biochrom [53].

FBS blood test results explained

The FBS blood test is a fasting blood sugar test. It is used to determine what the ongoing blood glucose levels happen to be when food is not being digested and distributed to the rest of the body. This can detect high blood glucose, low blood glucose, and is often used as a screen for diabetes when the signs and symptoms of the disease are present.

It is also used to determine gestational diabetes, prediabetes, and to monitor glucose levels for those who have already been diagnosed with the condition.

The FBS blood test requires fasting for a minimum of 8 hours to be effective. For this reason, it is most often given early in the morning to avoid fasting issues during daytime hours.

When is the FBS blood test ordered?

It is recommended that anyone above the age of 45 receive regular diabetes screening or whenever an individual has potential risk factors that may encourage diabetes development. Part of the screening process would include the FBS blood test.

There are several risk factors which may be deemed as a qualifying factor by an individual’s medical provider. One of the most common risk factors is being physically inactive, overweight, or obese as determined by a BMI measurement.

Having a close relative with diabetes is also considered a qualifying risk factor for most individuals. Women who have delivered a baby weighing more than 9 pounds, having polycystic ovarian syndrome, or being in a high-risk culture or ethnicity are also risk factors that will be considered.

Someone with high blood pressure of 140/90 with the above risk factors may be considered to be at a higher risk of diabetes development and may be placed on a pre-diabetic treatment plan even if the FBS blood test comes back as normal.

It may also be ordered when the signs and symptoms of inappropriate glucose levels are present. This may include increased thirst, ongoing fatigue, blurred vision, or slow healing wounds. Frequent hunger, trembling, anxiety, confusion, and sweating without another explanation may also be evidence of a glucose disorder.

What do my FBS test results mean?

If you’ve been given an FBS blood test, then any result which is between 77-99 mg/dl is considered to be a normal fasting glucose level. Some laboratories may report test results in mmol/L instead of mg/dl, so a normal result in that measurement would be 3.9-5.5.

For individuals who have a fasting glucose level of 100-125 mg/dl or 5.6-6.9 mmol/L, then this is generally considered to be evidence of prediabetes. It may also be called an “impaired fasting glucose.” action will be taken to limit sugar intake and improve physical activity for many patients who receive an FBS blood test result like this one.

Any fasting blood glucose test results that are above 126 mg/dl or 7 mmol/L which occurs on more than one testing occasion is considered enough evidence to diagnose an individual with diabetes.

Here’s what you need to know

If you’ve received a high FBS blood test result, diabetes isn’t always the culprit behind the abnormal reading. Someone suffering from acute stress may have an elevated blood glucose level. Certain chronic kidney diseases, pancreatitis, and cushing syndrome have also been known to present with a high FBS reading. Certain cancers have also been known to affect blood sugar readings.

The primary cause of a high FBS blood test result, however, is the excessive consumption of food. Eating a large meal just before the 8-hour fasting period can affect the blood test results.

Low FBS blood test results can also be caused by certain lifestyle choices or diseases. The most common reason for an abnormally low FBS reading is excessive alcohol consumption. Individuals suffering from severe liver disease or an adrenal insufficiency will also see test results that are lower than normal.

Certain conditions involving the thyroid are also known to interfere with the FBS blood test. Individuals who practice prolonged fasting for religious purposes have also been known to have abnormally low test results without any other health issue.

Here’s what you need to know

Do not under-estimate the effects that stress can have on the body in terms of glucose levels. Extreme stress has been proven to cause glucose spikes.

Certain medications have also been known to interfere with blood glucose readings. Taking drugs like acetaminophen have been known to decrease glucose, while estrogens, lithium, and diuretics have been known to increase glucose levels.

The FBS blood test is a proven way to detect diabetes and other metabolism disorders or chronic diseases. Ask your doctor today if this blood test would be right for you.

Introduction to fetal bovine serum class

Providing researchers with quality and transparency of FBS

Serum is commonly used as a supplement to basal growth medium in cell culture. The most common type of serum is fetal bovine serum (FBS) because of its high content of embryonic growth promoting factors. In cell culture, serum provides a wide variety of macromolecular proteins, low molecular weight nutrients, carrier proteins for water – insoluble components, and other compounds necessary for in vitro growth of cells, such as hormones and attachment factors. Serum also adds buffering capacity to the medium and binds or neutralizes toxic components. The selection of a serum supplement for cell culture applications is primarily dependent on the chemical definition of the basal medium, the type of cell to be grown, and the culture system being employed. Below is a detailed overview in the collection methods and development of producing high performance FBS.

FBS collection and processing processes

FBS collection process. In the FBS manufacturing process, whole blood is collected aseptically in disposable sterile plastic bags and allowed to clot. Once the serum has been separated from the clot, it is pooled and frozen. Controlling the initial collection is a crucial factor in the quality of the final serum product. Only raw material that meets our specifications is approved for production.

Processing serum samples. Selected batches of serum raw material are thawed, tested for endotoxins and hemoglobin content and only the accepted material is pooled. The pooled raw material is thoroughly blended under refrigerated conditions and membrane filtered for sterility according to a well validated filtration protocol. Biological industries processes FBS through a sequence of prefilters and membrane filters. The filtration step includes the use of three 0.1 micron sterilizing grade membrane filters in series.

After filtration, the serum is dispensed into bottles by an aseptic filling process which has been validated to insure sterility of the final product. Serum products are produced in a controlled environment (clean rooms) designed to carefully control air pressure and particulate matter. The manufacturing area is a class 100,000 (ISO 8) environment. The sterile bottles and equipment are stored in a class 10,000 (ISO 7) environment, and the filling room is a class 1000 (ISO 6) environment with class 100 (ISO 5) laminar air flow sterile bench. Clean rooms are monitored on a regular basis for particulate and microbial levels to ensure that the air handling system, cleaning protocols, and personnel maintain standards control. After filling, the final product is quickly frozen to -20ºC and held in quarantine until all quality control tests have been completed.

Quality control

Each lot of FBS is tested to confirm that the serum meets the written specifications. Final product release is done after reviewing all production and quality control records to determine compliance with all established, approved written procedures. Tests include:

Physical and chemical tests

Electrophoretic pattern

Osmolality

Total proteins

Albumin

Hemoglobin

Globulins

Biochemical tests

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

Alkaline phosphatase

Aspartate aminotransferase (ast)

Bilirubin – total

Bilirubin – direct

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Calcium

Chloride

Cholesterol

Creatinine

Creatinine kinase (CK)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Glucose

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Lactate dehydrogenase

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Phosphorous (inorganic)

Potassium

Sodium

Triglycerides (TG)

Uric acid

Microbiological tests

Sterility tests: bacterial and fungal sterility tests according to the current USP.

Mycoplasma contamination: according to the CFR, title 9, part 113 (culture method).

Viral contaminants: according to the protocols described in CFR, title 9, part 113 for BVD, IBR and PI3.

Viral antibodies: screened to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies to BVD, IBR and PI3.

Endotoxins: test is performed using kinetic colorimetric method .

Biological performance

Cell growth tests are designed to check the efficacy of the FBS in promoting cell growth. Cells used are fibroblasts (MRC-5 diploid normal cells), epithelial cells (hep-2) and hybridoma cells. Each test is conducted using the tested serum and a validated control lot. Growth promotion using MRC-5 cells is evaluated through several subculture generations to observe any evidence of cytotoxicity and morphological changes of the cells.

Hep-2 cells (ATCC, CCL 23): growth curve.

MRC-5 cells (ATCC, CCL 171): 3 passages test.

Hybridoma cells: cloning efficiency testing.

Quality assurance - CE mark

Biological industries FBS production process is carried out under controlled conditions in a controlled environment. The steam-in-place (SIP) sterilization , filtration for sterility and filling are validated as required for key aseptic processes. A dossier (device master record) exist for serum with all relevant data concerning serum production. The production process from the raw material to the final product in storage, as well as the quality control tests and results, are documented and filed to ensure traceability and control of the process.

Biological industries products are manufactured in compliance with the quality management standard ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485:2016. In addition, the FBS production process conforms to the in vitro diagnostics directive (IVDD 78/79/EC) of the european parliament. Therefore, our FBS received the CE mark making it eligible for sale in the european union for in vitro diagnostics. A bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) certificate of suitability had been issued to biological industries by the european directorate for the quality of medicines (EDQM) in accordance with monographs of the european pharmacopoeia. All documents and certifications are available upon request.

Raw material collected or manufactured by biological industries

Biological industries offers US-origin FBS and USDA-grade FBS. US origin FBS is FBS produced and manufactured from raw material originating in the united states. USDA-grade FBS is produced from raw materials originating only from countries certified to be free of both BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and FMD (foot and mouth disease). USDA-grade FBS can be freely imported into any country, and both these types are the product choice in all countries for manufacturing purposes. The use of US-origin or USDA-grade allows researchers to send their cells, or the products of their cells, to collaborators in other countries with strict import regulations. All FBS products processed in biological industries manufacturing facility in israel is USDA-grade FBS.

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Market execution

Deposit from $100

Floating spreads

Zero commission trading

Up to 1:3000 leverage

Market execution

Deposit from $500

Fixed spreads

Zero commission trading

Up to 1:3000 leverage

Market execution

Deposit from $500

Floating spreads

Zero commission trading

Up to 1:500 leverage

Market execution

Deposit from $1000

Floating spreads

Zero commission trading

Up to 1:500 leverage

ECN execution

Products

The FBS trading brokerage features a wide array of tradeable instruments across the global markets for their clients to trade. For instance, traders can participate in the trading of over 35 forex currency pairs, 4 precious metals, 3 cfds, and 4 cryptocurrency cfds. While the extent of tradeable assets offered is rather small compared to some brokers, the range of markets available to trade in are wide.

Regulation

FBS is not widely regulated even though they are an international online trading brokerage. The only regulatory authority governing the FBS trading brokerage is the international financial services commission (IFSC) with license number IFSC/60/230/TS/18. FBS is an offshore trading brokerage and therefore is not as reliable as some brokers. FBS’s headquarters are located at no.1 orchid garden street, belmopan, belize, C.A.

Platforms

The FBS online trading brokerage provides their clients with the choice between two of the most highly sought-after trading platforms, the metatrader 4 (MT4) and the metatrader 5 (MT5) trading platforms. Both these platforms are highly advanced and sophisticated while at the same time very user-friendly and easy to use.

The metatrader platforms offered by FBS consist of both the webtrader platforms and the downloadable platforms. All platforms are fully compatible with windows, mac, and linux operating systems as well as multiple web browsers for the web-based versions.

All in all, both the MT4 and MT5 trading platforms offered are relatively the same. The main difference between the two is that the MT5 trading platform has an upgraded trading interface, a few additional features, and is more suitable for the trading of all financial assets other than forex. Therefore, traders looking to participate solely in the forex markets will choose the MT4 platform and traders more focused on a wider variety of markets will choose the MT5 platform.

Both platforms feature auto trading functionality with expert advisors (eas) as well as a sophisticated charting package with three chart types, over 50 technical indicators, and a variety of drawing and analysis tools.

Mobile trading

Both the MT4 and MT5 trading platforms offered by FBS feature downloadable mobile trading applications for both ios and android mobile devices. The mobile trading app can be downloaded from the apple app store and the google play store for free. The trading apps are fully optimized for the mobile screen and feature all the same functionality as the desktop platforms. As well, traders wanting to use the FBS website on a mobile device can, as it has been optimized to work on mobile devices too.

Pricing

The FBS trading brokerage is accepting of all experience levels of traders and therefore provides trading accounts with minimum deposits from as low as $1.00 and professional ECN trading accounts with minimum deposits from $1,000. As for the available spreads, FBS provides floating spreads as low as 0.2 pips, fixed spreads as low as 3 pips, and trading without spread, but with a commission starting from $20. All in all, the spreads and commissions offered by FBS are quite favourable and competitive with the industry standards.

Deposits & withdrawals

FBS provides their traders with an extensive array of deposit and withdrawal options with a total of 72. All methods of deposit are free of charge and withdrawals have varying commissions depending on the method used.

Deposits via the most popular e-wallets and credit cards are instant, and all other methods take between 15 – 20 minutes or a maximum of 48 hours to complete. Withdrawals generally take between 15 – 20 minutes or a maximum of 48 hours to complete and come with a small commission for most methods.

See below, a list of the most popular deposit and withdrawal methods.

Visa/mastercard

Neteller

Skrill

Bitcoin by skrill

Perfectmoney

Mybitwallet

OKPAY

Astropay

Customer support

The level of customer care and support provided by FBS is truly phenomenal. Traders can reach support representatives 24 hours a day, 7 days a week via email, live chat, telegram, wechat, and telephone with multiple international numbers. Also, clients can schedule a call back if they prefer not to wait. However, support representatives are generally quick to respond and friendly with their responses. Additional methods of support include an extensive FAQ page and interaction via various social media channels.

Research & education

FBS provides their traders with a comprehensive education and research centre that’s packed with educational resources and content. For instance, traders have access to market analytics such as forex news, daily market analysis, and forex tv. They also have access to trader tools including an economic calendar, central bank rates, and forex calculators. As for educational material, traders are provided with a forex guidebook, tips for traders, webinars, video lessons, seminars, and a glossary. All in all, we were very impressed with the extent of educational content and market research resources.

Noteworthy points

The FBS trading brokerage is highly successful and has an excellent reputation in the online trading industry. Therefore, the brokerage has various noteworthy points worth mentioning. For instance, FBS stands above the rest of online trading brokerages in the following areas.

Extent of deposit and withdrawal options.

Variety of educational content and resources.

Exceptional selection of trading platforms.

Conclusion

The FBS online trading brokerage is a widely used international forex and cfds trading brokerage that features an array of tradeable assets across the global markets. FBS is an offshore trading brokerage which raises some concerns, however, they have an excellent reputation and are licensed and regulated by the IFSC. FBS is supporting of all types and experience levels of traders and offers them favourable trading conditions and low commissions and fees. Traders at FBS have an excellent selection of trading platforms to choose from and can trade a variety of financial assets with all the tools and features necessary to succeed. All in all, FBS is a solid online trading brokerage and could be the right broker for you.

Comparison

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Providing researchers with quality and transparency of FBS

FBS collection and processing processes

Quality control

Physical and chemical tests

Electrophoretic pattern

Osmolality

Total proteins

Albumin

Hemoglobin

Globulins

Biochemical tests

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

Alkaline phosphatase

Aspartate aminotransferase (ast)

Bilirubin – total

Bilirubin – direct

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Calcium

Chloride

Cholesterol

Creatinine

Creatinine kinase (CK)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Glucose

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Lactate dehydrogenase

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Phosphorous (inorganic)

Potassium

Sodium

Triglycerides (TG)

Uric acid

Microbiological tests

Sterility tests: bacterial and fungal sterility tests according to the current USP.

Mycoplasma contamination: according to the CFR, title 9, part 113 (culture method).

Viral contaminants: according to the protocols described in CFR, title 9, part 113 for BVD, IBR and PI3.

Viral antibodies: screened to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies to BVD, IBR and PI3.

Endotoxins: test is performed using kinetic colorimetric method .

Biological performance

Hep-2 cells (ATCC, CCL 23): growth curve.

MRC-5 cells (ATCC, CCL 171): 3 passages test.

Hybridoma cells: cloning efficiency testing.

Quality assurance - CE mark

Raw material collected or manufactured by biological industries

Trade for glory

FBS - official trading partner of FC barcelona

Transparent registration conditions

Daily analytics and free educational materials

Multiple methods for deposits and withdrawals

Easy trading options both for beginners and experts

Over 10 years of expertise

We share experience and educate clients

We solve your issues and collect feedback

Increased leverage 1:500 for professionals

Fast deposit and withdrawal

Join to work your money fast and easy

Open account

For experienced market players making their way to forex heights

For beginners who want to trade real funds without risking too much.

Perfectly suits those who are starting their way to success on forex

For cautious traders who want to test their trading skills and tools on small virtual funds

Your capital is at risk. We protect you with negative balance protection.

Choose your payment system

Be armed with the latest news

Trading schedule changes due to martin luther king, jr. Day

FBS acquired the FBS banking trademark

HSBC: "outlook for GBP is not promising"

TD securities: sell euro, buy dollar

Dollar regains some ground

Did the US economy end the year with a bang?

Stocks surged at the start of the week

USD strengthened as optimism waned

Risk warning: 74% of retail accounts lose money when trading ᏟᖴᎠs with this provider. ᏟᖴᎠ's are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. You should consider whether you understand how ᏟᖴᎠ's work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money. Please refer to our risk acknowledgement and disclosure

The website is owned and operated by tradestone limited (address: 89, vasileos georgiou street, 1st floor, office 101, potamos germasogeias, 4048 limassol, cyprus), registration number HE 353534, authorized by cyprus securities and exchange commission, license number 331/17.

FBS review and tutorial 2021

FBS is a top online broker offering MT4 & MT5 trading across a range of instruments.

Trade on nearly 50 leveraged forex pairs.

FBS is an online broker that offers financial market trading in forex and cfds. Our review in 2021 takes a thorough look at the broker’s legitimacy, leverage offering, spreads, and minimum deposits. Sign up for an FBS account and start trading.

History & headlines

FBS is a global broker founded in 2009. In the EU, FBS is operated by tradestone ltd and regulated by the cyprus securities and exchange commission (cysec). The global branch is run by FBS markets inc and regulated by the international financial services commission of belize (IFSC).

FBS has a head office location in cyprus and claims to have over 15 million active traders across more than 190 countries, from malaysia and indonesia to south africa, pakistan and the EU.

Trading platforms

FBS uses a non-dealing desk (NDD) system with STP for rapid order execution. After registration and login clients have a choice of two platforms to access the markets.

Metatrader 4

MT4 is a market-leading platform that FBS clients can download for PC. The trading platform includes a range of features:

One-click execution and copy-trading

Expert advisors (EA) service and apis

Wide range of technical indicators and charting tools

Support for clients using a virtual private server (VPS)

FBS metatrader 4

The global branch of FBS also offers MT4 multiterminal, which allows clients to operate multiple accounts simultaneously.

Metatrader 5

This broker recently added MT5 integration to its portfolio. This platform is a recent update to MT4 with greater versatility that offers the following:

Hedging & netting

Market depth view

More technical indicators

More order types and timeframes

FBS metatrader 5

MT4 and MT5 are also both available without a download via any browser through the webtrader solution. This service works across all operating systems and has all the features of the original software.

Markets

Clients can access a wide range of assets for trading:

Forex – 28 standard pairs plus 16 exotics

Metals – four precious metals

Energies – WTI and brent crude oil

Stocks (global only) – 40 company shares

Indices – four indices including the NASDAQ

Unfortunately trading on the FTSE100 is not offered and neither is cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin.

Trading fees

Spreads offered by FBS vary by account type and region. For EURUSD, the global firm offers a spread of 3.0 pips on its micro account, 1.1 on its standard and cent accounts and zero pip spreads on its zero and ECN accounts. In the EU the same spread is 0.7 pips with both the standard and cent accounts. Our review was pleased to see competitive spreads with the zero and ECN accounts.

The global branch charges a fixed rate commission of $20 per lot on the zero spread account and $6 on the ECN account. It also charges $3 for stock trades and $25 for CFD trading.

FBS charges overnight rollover fees (swap-free is available) and a cancellation fee of €5 for transactions that have taken advantage of price latency. Accounts dormant for 180 days are charged a €5 monthly fee.

FBS leverage

The maximum leverage available depends on account type and branch. In the EU the broker provides leverage up to 1:30 on standard and cent account types. Globally it offers up to 1:1000 on the cent account, 1:500 on the ECN account, and 1:3000 on other account types.

FBS has a margin call of 40% and lower, whereafter it is entitled to close a client’s position.

Mobile apps

FBS trader app

The owner and CEO have ensured that FBS trader is a free and fully-featured trading app. It can be downloaded to android (APK) devices from google play. Outside the EU it’s also available on ios. The broker’s downloadable app offers forex and top instruments for trading, alongside real-time stats and easy management.

FBS mobile app

MT4 & MT5 apps

Both metatrader platforms are also available as mobile apps from the app store and google play. The apps have the main features of the native platforms including technical analysis with the convenience of one-click trading on-the-go.

FBS metatrader mobile trading

Payments

The minimum deposit at the online forex broker is different for each account type and trading region. The EU firm requires an initial deposit of €10 on the cent account and €100 on the standard. The global branch offers minimum deposits of $1, $5, $100, $500, and $1000 for the cent, micro, standard, zero spread, and ECN accounts respectively. Our review was pleased to see the low minimum deposit offering.

Several deposit and withdrawal methods are available including wire transfer (EU only), visa, and electronic payment systems, such as skrill and neteller. Deposits are instant for all methods bar wire transfer and withdrawals take up to 48 hours. Commission fees apply to withdrawals at the global FBS firm and identifying documents may be requested.

Demo account review

FBS offers demo versions of the cent and standard accounts in the EU. MT4 and MT5 integration are available and a range of instruments are offered to practice trading with zero deposit requirement. Once comfortable with the broker’s services, you can then sign up for a live account.

Trading bonuses

FBS has a wide selection of promotions and bonuses advertised on its global website. For example, the broker offers a trade $100 bonus with no deposit necessary. The broker credits clients with $100 and if the client has 30 active trading days with 5 lots traded, the bonus can be withdrawn. FBS also offers a 100% deposit bonus, which doubles the deposit available for trading, and many contests.

Licensing

FBS is a legitimate broker with regulations from respected authorities. The company that owns the EU branch of FBS is regulated by the cyprus securities and exchange commission (cysec). The global branch is regulated by the international financial services commission of belize (IFSC).

In the EU, the broker also offers negative balance protection to retail clients. Overall, we’re happy FBS is not a scam.

Note, traders from the USA cannot register for an account, though clients from most other countries are accepted, including canada, india and nigeria.

Additional features

The FBS website has an analysis section with resources including forex-related news, market updates, and a forex TV feature that displays informational videos, weekly insights, and trading plans. This broker also provides an economic calendar and forex calculators alongside extensive educational materials such as live webinars and tutorials.

FBS economic calendar

Copy trading

The copytrade solution from FBS lets beginners replicate the success of top traders with secure, flexible trading tools. Clients can use the user-friendly mobile app to compare traders, allocate funds and create a unique trading portfolio.

Trading accounts

New clients have the option of several live account types. In the EU, the broker offers the standard and cent accounts. The global branch additionally offers the micro, zero spread, and ECN account. Order volumes are the same across account types. The ECN account has no trading limits and market execution is by ECN, unlike the other accounts which use STP. In general, the more you can deposit the higher the account tier and the more competitive the trading requirements.

When opening an account, you’ll need to submit documents to verify your name, address and the country you’re registering from.

Pros and cons

Benefits

Advantages of trading with FBS include:

MT4 and MT5 integration

Ultra-low minimum deposits

Competitive zero-pip spreads

Range of promotions & deposit bonuses

Drawbacks

Bad areas flagged in our review include:

Fewer account and trading options in the EU

Commissions payable on many trade types at the global firm

Trading hours

The FBS broker website is available at all times. Opening hours for each asset depends on the market and timezone, but forex runs 24 hours a day on weekdays. The broker also provides a virtual private server (VPS) service, which allows the client to keep their trading platform on a virtual machine 24/7.

Customer support

Customer support is available in english, spanish, portuguese, french, german and italian:

Email – info@fbs.Eu

Live chat – logo in bottom right

Contact number – +357 25313540

Address – vasileos georgiou A 89, office 101, potamos germasogeias 4048, limassol, cyprus

Global

Contact options including live chat, callback, and whatsapp are available on the global website.

Trader safety

FBS ensure client personal information and privacy is safeguarded. Transactional information is also protected using transport layer security (TLS). The metatrader platforms also offer dual-factor authentication at the login stage for added security.

FBS verdict

FBS is an international forex broker that offers low minimum deposits and a variety of trading accounts with MT4 and MT5 integration, alongside the FBS trader app. Spreads are competitive, and both novice and advanced traders will feel at home with this broker.

Accepted countries

FBS accepts traders from australia, thailand, united kingdom, south africa, singapore, hong kong, india, france, germany, norway, sweden, italy, denmark, united arab emirates, saudi arabia, kuwait, luxembourg, qatar and most other countries.

Traders can not use FBS from united states, japan, canada, myanmar, brazil, israel, iran.

Where is FBS regulated?

This broker is regulated in the EU by the cyprus securities and exchange commission (cysec) and elsewhere by the international financial services commission of belize (IFSC).

Is FBS a good broker?

FBS is a legitimate broker and not a scam. It is licensed by respected financial authorities and has positive online reviews.

Does FBS offer any bonuses?

The global branch of FBS offers 100% deposit bonuses and promotions where no deposit is required. This broker also offers trader contests and a VPS service.

What is the minimum deposit at FBS?

Clients can open an account with $1 at the global branch and $10 in the EU. The greater the initial deposit, the tighter the spreads and more advanced the trading tools.

What platforms does FBS offer?

FBS has both MT4 and MT5 platforms, which are available on any browser and as mobile apps. This broker also offers FBS trader, an in-house mobile application.

Does the FBS broker have trading on nas100?

Yes, clients can trade on the NASDAQ and three other major indices, including the S&P 500, dax30, and dow jones.

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